Scale Overview
The Time Orientation Scale – TOS was developed by Virginia P. Richmond & James C. McCroskey (1995). It is designed to measure Time Orientation. The scale is intended for use with Adults and students.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 16 items.
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree).
The scale includes 8 reverse-scored items to reduce acquiescence bias.
Scoring
Items are summed to produce a total score.
Total scores range from 16 to 80. Interpretation guidelines:
- Morning orientation: 16 – 39
- Flexible orientation: 40 – 50
- Evening orientation: 51 – 80
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 5 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.