Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand – DASH
A 30-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure physical function and symptoms in patients with musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb.
Scale Development & Technical Details
Scale Overview
The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand – DASH was developed by Hudak PL, Amadio PC, Bombardier C (1996). It is designed to measure Upper extremity physical disability and symptoms. The scale is intended for use with Adults with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 30 items organized into 2 factors/subscales: Physical Function, Symptoms.
| Factor / Subscale | Items | N |
|---|---|---|
| Physical Function | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23 | 23 |
| Symptoms | 24,25,26,27,28,29,30 | 7 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: 1 = No difficulty / None / Strongly disagree, 2 = Mild difficulty / Mild / Disagree, 3 = Moderate difficulty / Moderate / Neutral, 4 = Severe difficulty / Severe / Agree, 5 = Unable / Extreme / Strongly agree.
Scoring
Item scores are averaged to produce a mean score.
Total scores range from 0 to 100. Interpretation guidelines:
- No to minimal disability: 0 – 15
- Mild to moderate disability: 16 – 40
- Severe disability: 41 – 100
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.96.
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 10 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.