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The Self-Transcendence Scale (STS) is a psychological test that measures the degree to which an individual is self-transcendent. Self-transcendence is a concept that has been described by many different philosophers and psychologists over the years. It is generally defined as the ability to go beyond oneself and connect with something larger than oneself. This can include connecting with other people, nature, or a higher power.
The STS was developed by Pamela Reed in 1986. Reed was a nursing theorist who was interested in the concept of self-transcendence. She developed the STS to measure the degree to which people experience self-transcendence in their lives.
The STS is a 15-item self-report questionnaire. The items on the STS ask people to rate how often they experience certain thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. For example, one item asks people to rate how often they feel connected to something larger than themselves. Another item asks people to rate how often they feel a sense of peace and serenity.
The STS has been shown to be a reliable and valid measure of self-transcendence. It has been used in a variety of research studies to examine the relationship between self-transcendence and a variety of other variables, such as well-being, happiness, and life satisfaction.
History of the STS
The STS was developed by Pamela Reed in 1986. Reed was a nursing theorist who was interested in the concept of self-transcendence. She developed the STS to measure the degree to which people experience self-transcendence in their lives.
Characteristics of the STS
The STS is a 15-item self-report questionnaire. The items on the STS ask people to rate how often they experience certain thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. For example, one item asks people to rate how often they feel connected to something larger than themselves. Another item asks people to rate how often they feel a sense of peace and serenity.
The STS has been shown to be a reliable and valid measure of self-transcendence. It has been used in a variety of research studies to examine the relationship between self-transcendence and a variety of other variables, such as well-being, happiness, and life satisfaction.
Other Related Terms
- Well-being: Well-being is a general sense of happiness and satisfaction with one’s life. It is often measured by asking people to rate their overall life satisfaction, as well as their satisfaction with specific areas of their lives, such as their relationships, their work, and their health.
- Happiness: Happiness is a positive emotional state that is characterized by feelings of joy, contentment, and well-being. It is often measured by asking people to rate how happy they are on a scale of 1 to 10.
- Life satisfaction: Life satisfaction is a general evaluation of one’s life as a whole. It is often measured by asking people to rate how satisfied they are with their life on a scale of 1 to 10.
Sources
- **Reed, P. G. (1986). Development of a scale of self-transcendence. Nursing Research, 35, 305-310.
- **Ellison, C. G., & Smith, R. J. (1991). Toward an integrative definition of spirituality. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 19, 33-44.
- **Wong, P. T. P., & Fry, P. S. (1998). The human quest for meaning: A lifespan approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Self-Transcendence Scale (STS)
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Reed‚ P. G. (1991). Self-Transcendence and mental health in oldest-old adults. Nursing Research‚ 40(1):5-11.
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